The Hoover Commission framed its recommendations primarily in terms of the executive branch's accountability to Congress and the need to fix responsibility to the people, noting that "responsibility and accountability are impossible without authority" (Commission on Organization 1949, 154). Mosher and Appleby both note the concerns, however, that existed over the rise of professional management during this period. Mosher wrote that threats to public service and the "morality" of the servicduring this time included the potential move toward "the corporate, the professional perspective and away from that of the general interest" (1982, 210). Appleby (1952) expressed concern about protecting democratic values and argued that two factors were most critical: exposing administrators and their decisions to the electoral process, and a bureaucratic hierarchy that forces managerial decisions to be reviewed by broader and more politically aware upper level administrators