Distribution management system (DMS) software mathematically models the electric distribution network and predicts the impact of outages, transmission, generation, voltage/frequency variation, and more. It helps reduce capital investment by showing how to better utilize existing assets, by enabling peak shaving via demand response (DR), and by improving network reliability. It also facilitates consumer choice by helping identify rate options best suited to each consumer and supports the business case for renewable generation solutions (distributed generation) and for electric vehicles and charging station management.