The formulation of the WIPW clearly suggest that the network resilience-based performance can be improved by:
(1) increasing reliabilities of critical network components through appropriate retrofitting,
(2) optimizing network topology through new construction,
(3) altering traffic flow patterns through appropriate routing policies,
and (4) strategically siting emergency response facilities [The (3) and (4) are not explicitly illustrated in the study, but are clearly reflected in the formulation of WIPW].