Nitrogen (N) removal performance
may be limited by N loading with Kim et al.(2004) observing
a decline in N removal beyond loading rates of 2.5 kg NO3–N/(m3-
d), and Koenig and Liu (1996) noting that areal based loading rates
(g N/m2-d) were their limiting factor in a packed sulfur bed. In
an aquaculture application, Sher et al. (2008) reported the use of
autotrophic denitrification provided a dual benefit for recirculated
waters; not only were nitrate levels brought under control, but
the oxidation of sulfide in the anaerobically digested sludge helped
safeguard against sulfide toxicity within the system.