As the workforce has become more educated and skilled, organizations need to loosen some of the constraints placed on employees to control and monitor their actions. The need for organizational control systems such as close supervision, strict channels of communication, and chains of command evolved in part because of the perceived differentiation in ability levels between management and workers. The classical perspective (emanating from the era of scientific management) was that management personnel generally had far more ability and insight into organizational issues than workers. The workers (or, in Mintzberg’s terminology, the operating core) were hired to perform the basic work that needed to be done, but they required mechanisms of control, or close supervision.
As time passed and the workforce became more educated, it was no longer as necessary to closely control nonmanagerial personnel. It became feasible to push some of the traditional managerial responsibilities (such as decision making) down into the lower levels of the organization. This had the combined effect of giving traditional nonmanagerial personnel managerial-type powers and requiring fewer people in traditional managerial roles. The meaning of empowerment comes from “power.” By giving employees more power and distributing this power away from traditional managerial personnel, the downsizing or elimination of mid-level managerial jobs became possible. The power previously vested in these positions has been redistributed in part to the employees, thereby empowering them. Liden and Arad (1996) interpreted empowerment as the psychological outcome of structural changes in the organization designed to provide power.
As the workforce has become more educated and skilled, organizations need to loosen some of the constraints placed on employees to control and monitor their actions. The need for organizational control systems such as close supervision, strict channels of communication, and chains of command evolved in part because of the perceived differentiation in ability levels between management and workers. The classical perspective (emanating from the era of scientific management) was that management personnel generally had far more ability and insight into organizational issues than workers. The workers (or, in Mintzberg’s terminology, the operating core) were hired to perform the basic work that needed to be done, but they required mechanisms of control, or close supervision.As time passed and the workforce became more educated, it was no longer as necessary to closely control nonmanagerial personnel. It became feasible to push some of the traditional managerial responsibilities (such as decision making) down into the lower levels of the organization. This had the combined effect of giving traditional nonmanagerial personnel managerial-type powers and requiring fewer people in traditional managerial roles. The meaning of empowerment comes from “power.” By giving employees more power and distributing this power away from traditional managerial personnel, the downsizing or elimination of mid-level managerial jobs became possible. The power previously vested in these positions has been redistributed in part to the employees, thereby empowering them. Liden and Arad (1996) interpreted empowerment as the psychological outcome of structural changes in the organization designed to provide power.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

As the workforce has become more educated and skilled, organizations need to loosen some of the constraints placed on employees to control and monitor their actions. The need for organizational control systems such as close supervision, strict channels of communication, and chains of command evolved in part because of the perceived differentiation in ability levels between management and workers. The classical perspective (emanating from the era of scientific management) was that management personnel generally had far more ability and insight into organizational issues than workers. The workers (or, in Mintzberg’s terminology, the operating core) were hired to perform the basic work that needed to be done, but they required mechanisms of control, or close supervision.
As time passed and the workforce became more educated, it was no longer as necessary to closely control nonmanagerial personnel. It became feasible to push some of the traditional managerial responsibilities (such as decision making) down into the lower levels of the organization. This had the combined effect of giving traditional nonmanagerial personnel managerial-type powers and requiring fewer people in traditional managerial roles. The meaning of empowerment comes from “power.” By giving employees more power and distributing this power away from traditional managerial personnel, the downsizing or elimination of mid-level managerial jobs became possible. The power previously vested in these positions has been redistributed in part to the employees, thereby empowering them. Liden and Arad (1996) interpreted empowerment as the psychological outcome of structural changes in the organization designed to provide power.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
