CNTs kill bacteria by causing physical perturbation of the
cell membrane, oxidative stress, or disruption of a specific
microbial process via disturbing/oxidizing a vital cellular
structure/component (Vecitis et al., 2010) upon direct contact
with bacterial cells. Graphene and graphite materials exhibit
antimicrobial properties through similar mechanisms (Liu
et al., 2011a). The cytotoxicity of CNTs strongly depends on
their physicochemical properties. Short, dispersed, and
metallic CNTs with small diameters are more toxic