Phobias may also be the result of past trauma. The memory of the trauma grows into a fear of similar situations. Someone who has been trapped in a fire may avoid fire of all kinds and avoid objects that remind the person of fire as well. Extreme avoidance behavior in adults may result from parental modeling and child-raising methods. For example, consider a child who attempts to master new challenges, but his attempts are not praised by his parents. Rather, his parents put down his attempts through words or actions. Similarly, the child may see his parents always avoiding challenging situations themselves. Generally, this leaves the child less able to develop confidence in his ability to face challenges. It then becomes habitual for the person to avoid challenging, and in particular fearful, situations as an adult