In addition to knowing the revolutionary principles, Guevara (2003a: 147) insisted that socialist participatory planning depended on real decision-making power being in the hands of the masses in continual dialogue with administrators and government officials.
One can see many parallels between Guevara’s idea of constructing a new hegemony and that of Antonio Gramsci. This is particularly the case in Gramsci’s (1994: 99) analysis of the highly participatory and democratic factory councils that were emerging in a revolutionary period in Italy in 1919. The active participation of workers in the administration and coordination of the production process within and between factories was a form of informal education that could be combined with forms of non-formal education to create a new hegemony.