When meat is cooled below 0 °C, ice forms at the initial freezing point temperature of the meat. Water-based biological products such as meat generally have an initial freezing point temperature below the 0 °C freezing point of pure water (0 °C) depending on the type and concentration of solutes within thewater/liquid phase of the product
(IIR, 1972). According to Pham (1996), the initial freezing temperature of meat can be estimated using the equation: ѲF=−4.66x0/xw− 46.4xa/xw (where ѲF=initial freezing temperature, x=mass fraction,a=ash, o=other components, and w=water) underscoring the importance of the composition of the water (or liquid) phase of meat in determining its freezing point.