3.3.5. Driving styleParticipants’ driving style was assessed in the pre-drive questionnaire using a seven-point semantic differential scale(Beggiato & Krems, 2013) in which end points describe driving styles such as ‘‘slow” vs. ‘‘fast” or ‘‘offensive” vs. ‘‘defensive”.The scale consists of the two subscales ‘‘carefulness” (6 items) and ‘‘routine” (5 items) where a high value on the former indicates a calm and steady driving style and a high value in the latter describes a courageous and risk accepting driving style.Reliabilities were from questionable to good (acarefulness = 0.81, aroutine = 0.69).