on the nature of the modifications. However, the modifications, including their timing, could impair
modified historical cost’s confirmatory value. Thus, it likely has less confirmatory value than
unmodified historical cost. Fair value likely possesses the most predictive value because fair value
embodies the present value of future cash flows expected by market participants.23 Fair value also
likely possesses the most confirmatory value because changes in fair value include differences
between expected and actual outcomes, as well as changes in expectations of the future. Thus,
changes in fair values can confirm or disconfirm prior expectations.24 Table 1 reflects these
assessments in the ranks of the three measurements.
The assessments of predictive value and confirmatory value lead to ranking fair value highest
on relevance, and unmodified and modified historical cost lower. Thus, the assessment leads to the
conclusion that all three of the measurement bases provide relevant information, although to
differing degrees. This conclusion is largely supported by the fact that current financial reporting
standards use all of these measurement bases in at least some circumstances, and an extensive body
of capital markets research in accounting that reports relevance of assets and liabilities using a
variety of measurement bases.25 Thus, standard setters, with the support of others, presumably
concluded that the measurements possess the characteristic of relevance.
Regarding representational faithfulness, because the focus of measurement in the Framework is
on assets and liabilities, and changes in them, those are the economic phenomena to be represented.
Unmodified historical cost and fair value are both economic attributes of an asset or liability and it
seems self-evident that these measurement bases could faithfully represent assets and liabilities. It is
less evident that modified historical cost could. The modifications to historical cost often result in an
asset or liability measurement with an undeterminable economic meaning because it is an amalgam
of historical amounts, current amounts, and other adjustments.26
Turning to the aspects of faithful representation—completeness, neutrality, and free from
error—in the context of assessing measurement bases requires highlighting the Framework’s
acknowledgement that only a perfect depiction possesses all of these characteristics and perfection
is seldom, if ever achievable; thus, these aspects should be maximized to the extent possible (FASB
2010; IASB 2010a, }QC12). Regarding completeness, this means that it is highly unlikely that a
single number can give a complete depiction of an asset or liability—a notable exception is cash on
on the nature of the modifications. However, the modifications, including their timing, could impairmodified historical cost’s confirmatory value. Thus, it likely has less confirmatory value thanunmodified historical cost. Fair value likely possesses the most predictive value because fair valueembodies the present value of future cash flows expected by market participants.23 Fair value alsolikely possesses the most confirmatory value because changes in fair value include differencesbetween expected and actual outcomes, as well as changes in expectations of the future. Thus,changes in fair values can confirm or disconfirm prior expectations.24 Table 1 reflects theseassessments in the ranks of the three measurements.The assessments of predictive value and confirmatory value lead to ranking fair value higheston relevance, and unmodified and modified historical cost lower. Thus, the assessment leads to theconclusion that all three of the measurement bases provide relevant information, although todiffering degrees. This conclusion is largely supported by the fact that current financial reportingstandards use all of these measurement bases in at least some circumstances, and an extensive bodyof capital markets research in accounting that reports relevance of assets and liabilities using avariety of measurement bases.25 Thus, standard setters, with the support of others, presumablyconcluded that the measurements possess the characteristic of relevance.Regarding representational faithfulness, because the focus of measurement in the Framework ison assets and liabilities, and changes in them, those are the economic phenomena to be represented.Unmodified historical cost and fair value are both economic attributes of an asset or liability and itseems self-evident that these measurement bases could faithfully represent assets and liabilities. It isless evident that modified historical cost could. The modifications to historical cost often result in anasset or liability measurement with an undeterminable economic meaning because it is an amalgamof historical amounts, current amounts, and other adjustments.26Turning to the aspects of faithful representation—completeness, neutrality, and free fromerror—in the context of assessing measurement bases requires highlighting the Framework’sacknowledgement that only a perfect depiction possesses all of these characteristics and perfectionis seldom, if ever achievable; thus, these aspects should be maximized to the extent possible (FASB2010; IASB 2010a, }QC12). Regarding completeness, this means that it is highly unlikely that asingle number can give a complete depiction of an asset or liability—a notable exception is cash on
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