It was clear that our novel chemistries showed increased
insecticidal activities compared with nicotine, but were less
active than current commercial neonicotinoids. To understand
the mode of action, injection bioassays were conducted
with BAW and competitive binding studies with house
flies. For the injection bioassays, all observed behaviors
at 30 min and 24 h after injection are presented in addition
to death after 48 h (Table 3). All compounds tested with
the exception of 5 resulted in either partial paralysis (posterior
end paralyzed, anterior part moving) or complete