The Temporal Contiguity Principle
People learn more deeply from a multimedia message when corresponding graphics and narration are
presented simultaneously rather than successively. The rationale is that temporal contiguity helps
learners build connections between corresponding words and graphics. This principle was supported in
9 out of 9 experimental tests, yielding a median effect size of 1.22. For example, students performed
better on a transfer test when they received a narrated animation on how a tire pump works than when
they heard the narration before or after the animation (Mayer and Anderson, 1991). Researchers have
noted that the temporal contiguity principle may apply most strongly for high rather than low spatial
ability learners, when lessons are long rather than short, and when the lesson is system paced rather
than learner paced (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Fiorella, in press).
The Temporal Contiguity PrinciplePeople learn more deeply from a multimedia message when corresponding graphics and narration are presented simultaneously rather than successively. The rationale is that temporal contiguity helps learners build connections between corresponding words and graphics. This principle was supported in 9 out of 9 experimental tests, yielding a median effect size of 1.22. For example, students performed better on a transfer test when they received a narrated animation on how a tire pump works than when they heard the narration before or after the animation (Mayer and Anderson, 1991). Researchers have noted that the temporal contiguity principle may apply most strongly for high rather than low spatial ability learners, when lessons are long rather than short, and when the lesson is system paced rather than learner paced (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Fiorella, in press).
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