We document several significant relationships between the cash effective tax rate and the control variables. Return on
Assets is significantly positive which indicates that more profitable firms have higher cash effective tax rates. Std ROA is
negative and significant, consistent with the finding that a greater variation in a firm’s earnings results in a lower Cash ETR
because of the convexity in the statutory rate structure. Change in Goodwill is positively related to the Cash ETR, a finding
that suggests that M&A activity leads to lower pre-tax book income with no corresponding reduction to cash taxes paid
(e.g., in-process R&D). Finally, we find that, consistent with the presence of incremental tax incentives, New Investment
exhibits a negative and significant relationship with Cash ETR.
Overall, the lack of a relationship between tax director incentives and Cash ETR is in sharp contrast to the strong
negative relationship for the GAAP ETR presented in Table 3.28 Collectively, these results suggest that tax directors have
incentives to reduce the GAAP ETR. One agency-theoretic explanation for this result is that the contracting weight on a
performance measure is a function of its signal-to-noise ratio (Holmstrom, 1979; Lambert and Larcker, 1987; Banker and
Datar, 1989; Lambert, 2001). Accordingly, an increase in either the sensitivity of the performance measure to the agent’s
We document several significant relationships between the cash effective tax rate and the control variables. Return on
Assets is significantly positive which indicates that more profitable firms have higher cash effective tax rates. Std ROA is
negative and significant, consistent with the finding that a greater variation in a firm’s earnings results in a lower Cash ETR
because of the convexity in the statutory rate structure. Change in Goodwill is positively related to the Cash ETR, a finding
that suggests that M&A activity leads to lower pre-tax book income with no corresponding reduction to cash taxes paid
(e.g., in-process R&D). Finally, we find that, consistent with the presence of incremental tax incentives, New Investment
exhibits a negative and significant relationship with Cash ETR.
Overall, the lack of a relationship between tax director incentives and Cash ETR is in sharp contrast to the strong
negative relationship for the GAAP ETR presented in Table 3.28 Collectively, these results suggest that tax directors have
incentives to reduce the GAAP ETR. One agency-theoretic explanation for this result is that the contracting weight on a
performance measure is a function of its signal-to-noise ratio (Holmstrom, 1979; Lambert and Larcker, 1987; Banker and
Datar, 1989; Lambert, 2001). Accordingly, an increase in either the sensitivity of the performance measure to the agent’s
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