The tight integration and inter-dependencies between the various components of the Eastern Indonesian smallholder enterprise often lead to complex and often counter-intuitive responses to change that require a whole-of-system analysis approach (Stür et al., 2000). For example, the expansion of forage production on the best-bet holdings typically resulted in substantial labour savings as households were spending less time scavenging cut and carry feed and/or shifting cattle to new feed sources. This freed-up labour was often reallocated to improved crop management (e.g. weeding) that in-turn resulted in higher crop yields. That is, the change in forage production affected cattle production, labour usage and availability, household income and crop production. In the case of the Jufri household (Section 3.3), the labour saved from adoption of the best-bet strategies is being used to ferry the wife by motorcycle each day to the school where she teaches, thus generating a second source of household income.