Rule making by the bureaucracy is central to the policymaking process. Formal rules that appear in the Federal Register have the force of law. Bureaucratic agencies may levy fines and penalties for violations of these regulations, and these fines and penalties are enforceable in the courts. Congress itself can only amend or repeal a formal regulation by passing a new law and obtaining the resident's signature. Controversial bureaucratic regulations (policies) may remain in effect when Congress is slow to act, when legislation blocked by key congressional committee members, or when the president supports the bureaucracy and refuses to sign bills overturning regulations. The courts usually do not overturn bureaucratic regulations unless they exceed the authority granted to the agency by law or unless the agency has not followed the proper procedure in adopting them