INTRODUCTION
Sitophilus and Tribolium species are two of the major
pests of stored grains and grain products in the tropics
and subtropics (Liu and Ho, 1999). Infestations not only
cause significant losses due to the consumption of
grains; they also result in elevated temperature and
moisture conditions that lead to an accelerated growth of
molds, including toxigenic species (Magan et al., 2003).
Control of the stored product insects is based on the
application of synthetic insecticides/fumigants. However,
repeated use of those fumigants for decades has led to
resurgence of stored-product insect pests, sometimes
resulted in the development of resistance, and had
undesirable effects on non-target organisms (United
States Environmental Protection Agency, 1993; Zettler
and Arthur, 2000). These problems have highlighted the
need to develop new types of selective insect-control
INTRODUCTIONSitophilus and Tribolium species are two of the majorpests of stored grains and grain products in the tropicsand subtropics (Liu and Ho, 1999). Infestations not onlycause significant losses due to the consumption ofgrains; they also result in elevated temperature andmoisture conditions that lead to an accelerated growth ofmolds, including toxigenic species (Magan et al., 2003).Control of the stored product insects is based on theapplication of synthetic insecticides/fumigants. However,repeated use of those fumigants for decades has led toresurgence of stored-product insect pests, sometimesresulted in the development of resistance, and hadundesirable effects on non-target organisms (UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency, 1993; Zettlerand Arthur, 2000). These problems have highlighted theneed to develop new types of selective insect-control
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