Participants in the previous investigation confused science processes with aspects of the
nature of science and believed that students can learn the nature of science implicitly through
``doing science.'' These problems may have been related to a general con¯ation of cognition and
pedagogy. In particular, preservice teachers were asked to learn about the nature of science (i.e.,
a cognitive goal) as well as how to teach the nature of science (i.e., a pedagogical goal)
simultaneously. This is a typical approach in methods classes, due to time constraints and
instructor preferences for emphasizing pedagogy over science content. For the intervention, it
seemed reasonable that learning about certain aspects of the nature of science should be the