ARF is an autoimmune disease that presents in a variety of manifestations. The most feared consequence of ARF is rheumatic heart disease (RHD), which is the most frequent cardiovascular cause of death in school children and young adults in developing countries. In RHD, destructive autoimmune responses target the heart valve.The resulting damage leads to insufficient blood circulation, which severely affects the live quality and fitness of the patient. Very often, RHD progresses despite intensive anti-inflammatory and anti-congestive therapy. At later stages, valve replacement becomes the only viable therapeutic option.