- ข้อความ
- ประวัติศาสตร์
Ecotourism and Tourism DevelopmentM
Ecotourism and Tourism Development
Much has been written on the definition of ecotourism since the population
of the concept in the late 1980s. Commonly cited elements include references
to the need to conserve the physical attributes of the destination environment,
the provision of economic opportunities for local communities, avoiding
adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities,
ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the
above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity
of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse,
misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).
Whilst the lack of an agreed definition poses considerable problems in quantifying
the magnitude of ecotourism, most authors agree that the market has
enjoyed a period of buoyancy and growth exceeding that of the wider tourism
sector (Ecotourism Society, 1998; Scheyvens, 2002a). This reflects factors such as
the availability of relatively cheap air travel, increased disposable income and
leisure time in developed countries, the demand to experience pristine natural
environments in developing countries ‘while they last’ (Hong, 1985) and the
increased awareness of governments, particularly in developing countries, of the
potential to capitalise on this demand. These have been given further impetus by
the pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activity
to facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposed
under international conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004).
Models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors’ motivations
are two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predict
the nature of tourism’s impacts on the host community and environment.
Drawing upon concepts of carrying capacity, cycles of tourism development
present tourism as passing through phases characterised by differing attitudes
and reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scale
and characteristics of tourism (Ap&Crompton, 1993; Butler, 1980; Doxey, 1975).
It has been suggested that ecotourism activities constitute the early stages of such
cycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open up
destinations for activities associated with mass tourism (Cohen, 1987; France,
1997). Research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly important
in that this provides planners with information to help avert the manifestation of
negative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meet
the expectations and needs of the ecotourist market (Hvenegaard, 2002; Palacio
& McCool, 1997).
These models of tourism assume that, through situating a case study in a
context of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism development
can be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. Such an analysis is suited to
circumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditions
such as exchange rates and economic growth in countries of origin continue to
favour the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhaps
Research Ecotourism in Developing Countries 239
Downloaded by [Kasetsart University] at 23:39 02 December 2013
most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to the
destination for tourists. It is argued here that such a combination of circumstances
is increasingly unlikely and, in certain cases, at odds with reality. A brief
outline of the situation with regards to tourism in Indonesia is required to illustrate
this point.
Much has been written on the definition of ecotourism since the population
of the concept in the late 1980s. Commonly cited elements include references
to the need to conserve the physical attributes of the destination environment,
the provision of economic opportunities for local communities, avoiding
adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities,
ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the
above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity
of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse,
misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).
Whilst the lack of an agreed definition poses considerable problems in quantifying
the magnitude of ecotourism, most authors agree that the market has
enjoyed a period of buoyancy and growth exceeding that of the wider tourism
sector (Ecotourism Society, 1998; Scheyvens, 2002a). This reflects factors such as
the availability of relatively cheap air travel, increased disposable income and
leisure time in developed countries, the demand to experience pristine natural
environments in developing countries ‘while they last’ (Hong, 1985) and the
increased awareness of governments, particularly in developing countries, of the
potential to capitalise on this demand. These have been given further impetus by
the pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activity
to facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposed
under international conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004).
Models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors’ motivations
are two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predict
the nature of tourism’s impacts on the host community and environment.
Drawing upon concepts of carrying capacity, cycles of tourism development
present tourism as passing through phases characterised by differing attitudes
and reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scale
and characteristics of tourism (Ap&Crompton, 1993; Butler, 1980; Doxey, 1975).
It has been suggested that ecotourism activities constitute the early stages of such
cycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open up
destinations for activities associated with mass tourism (Cohen, 1987; France,
1997). Research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly important
in that this provides planners with information to help avert the manifestation of
negative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meet
the expectations and needs of the ecotourist market (Hvenegaard, 2002; Palacio
& McCool, 1997).
These models of tourism assume that, through situating a case study in a
context of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism development
can be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. Such an analysis is suited to
circumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditions
such as exchange rates and economic growth in countries of origin continue to
favour the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhaps
Research Ecotourism in Developing Countries 239
Downloaded by [Kasetsart University] at 23:39 02 December 2013
most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to the
destination for tourists. It is argued here that such a combination of circumstances
is increasingly unlikely and, in certain cases, at odds with reality. A brief
outline of the situation with regards to tourism in Indonesia is required to illustrate
this point.
0/5000
ท่องเที่ยวเชิงอนุรักษ์และพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยวมากได้รับการเขียนเกี่ยวกับคำนิยามของการท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศเนื่องจากประชากรแนวความคิดในปลายทศวรรษ 1980 อ้างอิงโดยทั่วไปองค์ประกอบอ้างอิงต้องการรักษาคุณสมบัติทางกายภาพของสภาพแวดล้อมที่ปลายทางบทบัญญัติของโอกาสทางเศรษฐกิจในชุมชนท้องถิ่น หลีกเลี่ยงผลกระทบต่อสังคมวัฒนธรรมร้ายผ่านเข้าชมสถานะบนโฮสต์ชุมชนใจประสบการณ์การศึกษาสำหรับผู้เข้าชม หรือบางชุดของการข้างต้น (Boo, 1990 เนลสัน 1994 ไม้ 2002) อย่างไรก็ตาม subjectivity โดยธรรมชาติของข้อกำหนดเหล่านี้ได้สร้างความกังวลที่มัก overuse คำในทางที่ผิด หรือมีจำกัดการปฏิบัติเกี่ยว (ผนัง 1997)ในขณะที่ไม่มีข้อกำหนดตกลงซึ่งทำให้เกิดปัญหามาก quantifyingขนาดของการท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศ ส่วนใหญ่ผู้เขียนเห็นว่า ตลาดมีเพลิดเพลินกับระยะเวลาของการพยุงและการเติบโตเกินกว่าที่การท่องเที่ยวกว้างภาค (ท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศสังคม 1998 Scheyvens, 2002a) นี้สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงปัจจัยเช่นพร้อมการเดินทางอากาศค่อนข้างราคาถูก เพิ่มรายได้ และเวลาว่างในการพัฒนาประเทศ ความต้องการสัมผัสธรรมชาติบริสุทธิ์สภาพแวดล้อมในประเทศกำลังพัฒนา 'ในขณะนั้น' (Hong, 1985) และเพิ่มความตระหนักของรัฐบาล โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในประเทศกำลังพัฒนา ของศักยภาพการ capitalise ตามความต้องการนี้ เหล่านี้ได้รับต่อแรงผลักดันโดยthe pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activityto facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposedunder international conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004).Models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors’ motivationsare two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predictthe nature of tourism’s impacts on the host community and environment.Drawing upon concepts of carrying capacity, cycles of tourism developmentpresent tourism as passing through phases characterised by differing attitudesand reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scaleand characteristics of tourism (Ap&Crompton, 1993; Butler, 1980; Doxey, 1975).It has been suggested that ecotourism activities constitute the early stages of suchcycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open updestinations for activities associated with mass tourism (Cohen, 1987; France,1997). Research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly importantin that this provides planners with information to help avert the manifestation ofnegative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meetthe expectations and needs of the ecotourist market (Hvenegaard, 2002; Palacio& McCool, 1997).These models of tourism assume that, through situating a case study in acontext of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism developmentcan be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. Such an analysis is suited tocircumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditionssuch as exchange rates and economic growth in countries of origin continue tofavour the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhapsResearch Ecotourism in Developing Countries 239Downloaded by [Kasetsart University] at 23:39 02 December 2013most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to thedestination for tourists. It is argued here that such a combination of circumstancesis increasingly unlikely and, in certain cases, at odds with reality. A briefoutline of the situation with regards to tourism in Indonesia is required to illustratethis point.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
Ecotourism and Tourism Development
Much has been written on the definition of ecotourism since the population
of the concept in the late 1980s. Commonly cited elements include references
to the need to conserve the physical attributes of the destination environment,
the provision of economic opportunities for local communities, avoiding
adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities,
ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the
above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity
of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse,
misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).
Whilst the lack of an agreed definition poses considerable problems in quantifying
the magnitude of ecotourism, most authors agree that the market has
enjoyed a period of buoyancy and growth exceeding that of the wider tourism
sector (Ecotourism Society, 1998; Scheyvens, 2002a). This reflects factors such as
the availability of relatively cheap air travel, increased disposable income and
leisure time in developed countries, the demand to experience pristine natural
environments in developing countries ‘while they last’ (Hong, 1985) and the
increased awareness of governments, particularly in developing countries, of the
potential to capitalise on this demand. These have been given further impetus by
the pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activity
to facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposed
under international conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004).
Models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors’ motivations
are two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predict
the nature of tourism’s impacts on the host community and environment.
Drawing upon concepts of carrying capacity, cycles of tourism development
present tourism as passing through phases characterised by differing attitudes
and reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scale
and characteristics of tourism (Ap&Crompton, 1993; Butler, 1980; Doxey, 1975).
It has been suggested that ecotourism activities constitute the early stages of such
cycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open up
destinations for activities associated with mass tourism (Cohen, 1987; France,
1997). Research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly important
in that this provides planners with information to help avert the manifestation of
negative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meet
the expectations and needs of the ecotourist market (Hvenegaard, 2002; Palacio
& McCool, 1997).
These models of tourism assume that, through situating a case study in a
context of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism development
can be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. Such an analysis is suited to
circumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditions
such as exchange rates and economic growth in countries of origin continue to
favour the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhaps
Research Ecotourism in Developing Countries 239
Downloaded by [Kasetsart University] at 23:39 02 December 2013
most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to the
destination for tourists. It is argued here that such a combination of circumstances
is increasingly unlikely and, in certain cases, at odds with reality. A brief
outline of the situation with regards to tourism in Indonesia is required to illustrate
this point.
Much has been written on the definition of ecotourism since the population
of the concept in the late 1980s. Commonly cited elements include references
to the need to conserve the physical attributes of the destination environment,
the provision of economic opportunities for local communities, avoiding
adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities,
ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the
above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity
of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse,
misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).
Whilst the lack of an agreed definition poses considerable problems in quantifying
the magnitude of ecotourism, most authors agree that the market has
enjoyed a period of buoyancy and growth exceeding that of the wider tourism
sector (Ecotourism Society, 1998; Scheyvens, 2002a). This reflects factors such as
the availability of relatively cheap air travel, increased disposable income and
leisure time in developed countries, the demand to experience pristine natural
environments in developing countries ‘while they last’ (Hong, 1985) and the
increased awareness of governments, particularly in developing countries, of the
potential to capitalise on this demand. These have been given further impetus by
the pressure to develop ecotourism as an alternative income-generating activity
to facilitate management of the increasing number of protected areas proposed
under international conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004).
Models of tourism development and theories associated with visitors’ motivations
are two means by which researchers have attempted to explain and predict
the nature of tourism’s impacts on the host community and environment.
Drawing upon concepts of carrying capacity, cycles of tourism development
present tourism as passing through phases characterised by differing attitudes
and reactions within host communities which may be related directly to the scale
and characteristics of tourism (Ap&Crompton, 1993; Butler, 1980; Doxey, 1975).
It has been suggested that ecotourism activities constitute the early stages of such
cycles of tourism development, thereby running the risk of serving to open up
destinations for activities associated with mass tourism (Cohen, 1987; France,
1997). Research into visitor characteristics and motivations is similarly important
in that this provides planners with information to help avert the manifestation of
negative impacts on local communities whilst also tailoring the product to meet
the expectations and needs of the ecotourist market (Hvenegaard, 2002; Palacio
& McCool, 1997).
These models of tourism assume that, through situating a case study in a
context of cycles or stages, the adverse outcomes of future tourism development
can be predicted and thereby avoided if possible. Such an analysis is suited to
circumstances where a reliable or guaranteed market exists, economic conditions
such as exchange rates and economic growth in countries of origin continue to
favour the expansion of international tourism as a leisure activity and, perhaps
Research Ecotourism in Developing Countries 239
Downloaded by [Kasetsart University] at 23:39 02 December 2013
most significantly, political developments do not impinge upon access to the
destination for tourists. It is argued here that such a combination of circumstances
is increasingly unlikely and, in certain cases, at odds with reality. A brief
outline of the situation with regards to tourism in Indonesia is required to illustrate
this point.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
การท่องเที่ยวเชิงอนุรักษ์ และการพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยว มากได้รับการเขียนเกี่ยวกับความหมายของการท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศ เนื่องจากประชากร
ของแนวคิดในไฟต์ล่าช้า การอ้างถึงโดยทั่วไปองค์ประกอบรวมอ้างอิง
เพื่อต้องการที่จะอนุรักษ์คุณลักษณะทางกายภาพของปลายทางสิ่งแวดล้อม
การให้โอกาสทางเศรษฐกิจสำหรับชุมชนท้องถิ่นหลีกเลี่ยง
adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities,
ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the
above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity
of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse,
misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).
ของแนวคิดในไฟต์ล่าช้า การอ้างถึงโดยทั่วไปองค์ประกอบรวมอ้างอิง
เพื่อต้องการที่จะอนุรักษ์คุณลักษณะทางกายภาพของปลายทางสิ่งแวดล้อม
การให้โอกาสทางเศรษฐกิจสำหรับชุมชนท้องถิ่นหลีกเลี่ยง
adverse socio-cultural impacts through visitor presence on host communities,
ensuring an educational experience for the visitor, or some combination of the
above (Boo, 1990; Nelson, 1994; Wood, 2002). However, the inherent subjectivity
of these definitions has generated concern that the term is prone to overuse,
misuse or has limited practical relevance (Wall, 1997).
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
ภาษาอื่น ๆ
การสนับสนุนเครื่องมือแปลภาษา: กรีก, กันนาดา, กาลิเชียน, คลิงออน, คอร์สิกา, คาซัค, คาตาลัน, คินยารวันดา, คีร์กิซ, คุชราต, จอร์เจีย, จีน, จีนดั้งเดิม, ชวา, ชิเชวา, ซามัว, ซีบัวโน, ซุนดา, ซูลู, ญี่ปุ่น, ดัตช์, ตรวจหาภาษา, ตุรกี, ทมิฬ, ทาจิก, ทาทาร์, นอร์เวย์, บอสเนีย, บัลแกเรีย, บาสก์, ปัญจาป, ฝรั่งเศส, พาชตู, ฟริเชียน, ฟินแลนด์, ฟิลิปปินส์, ภาษาอินโดนีเซี, มองโกเลีย, มัลทีส, มาซีโดเนีย, มาราฐี, มาลากาซี, มาลายาลัม, มาเลย์, ม้ง, ยิดดิช, ยูเครน, รัสเซีย, ละติน, ลักเซมเบิร์ก, ลัตเวีย, ลาว, ลิทัวเนีย, สวาฮิลี, สวีเดน, สิงหล, สินธี, สเปน, สโลวัก, สโลวีเนีย, อังกฤษ, อัมฮาริก, อาร์เซอร์ไบจัน, อาร์เมเนีย, อาหรับ, อิกโบ, อิตาลี, อุยกูร์, อุสเบกิสถาน, อูรดู, ฮังการี, ฮัวซา, ฮาวาย, ฮินดี, ฮีบรู, เกลิกสกอต, เกาหลี, เขมร, เคิร์ด, เช็ก, เซอร์เบียน, เซโซโท, เดนมาร์ก, เตลูกู, เติร์กเมน, เนปาล, เบงกอล, เบลารุส, เปอร์เซีย, เมารี, เมียนมา (พม่า), เยอรมัน, เวลส์, เวียดนาม, เอสเปอแรนโต, เอสโทเนีย, เฮติครีโอล, แอฟริกา, แอลเบเนีย, โคซา, โครเอเชีย, โชนา, โซมาลี, โปรตุเกส, โปแลนด์, โยรูบา, โรมาเนีย, โอเดีย (โอริยา), ไทย, ไอซ์แลนด์, ไอร์แลนด์, การแปลภาษา.
- เราจะเข้ากรุงแบบ มาดาม
- สถานที่ศึกษา
- the sea air is very refreshing sound of
- Communications
- 1.รากช่วยรักษาโรคไอกรน (ราก)2.รากใช้เป็น
- ความสุขที่สุด
- มันมากกว่าคำพูดใดๆ
- This large number of 'similar words and
- i took a friend
- Phi Phi Villa Resort has 62 Rooms, Bunga
- 写メ会会場にて、#じゃんけん大会カップリング曲#春風ピアニッシモ のMV解禁され
- This large number of 'similar words and
- กูโคตรเหงาเลย
- สรุปผลการทดลอง
- This is my first time to come to Malaysi
- แม้ว่า
- 写メ会会場にて、#じゃんけん大会カップリング曲#春風ピアニッシモ のMV解禁され
- ขนมขนมจากพี่สายรหัสพี่เขาใจดี ชอบซื้อขนม
- Nice to see you
- เขตภูมิอากาศ
- We return to stay at Avalon at one o'clo
- น่ารัก
- ถ้ารักกันต้องการกันก็อย่าไป
- ขนมขนมจากพี่สายรหัสพี่เขาใจดี ชอบซื้อขนม
