Literature[edit]
Main article: Literature of Burma
Burmese literature has been greatly influenced by Buddhism, notably the Jataka Tales. Since orthodox Buddhism prohibited fiction[citation needed], many historical works are nonfiction. However, British colonisation introduced many genres of fiction, which have become extremely popular today. Poetry features prominently, and there are several forms of poetry unique to Burmese literature. By 1976, only 411 titles were published annually, compared to 1882, when 445 titles were published. Various factors, especially the lengthened bureaucratic process to obtain printing permits, censorship, and increasing economic hardship of consumers because of the socialist economic schemes, contributed to the decline of Burmese literary output.
Popular novels have similar themes to Western novels, often involving adventure, espionage, detective work, and romance. Many writers also translate Western novels, especially those of Arthur Hailey and Harold Robbins. The flourishing translation sector is the result of the Burmese government, which did not sign the Universal Copyright Convention Agreement, which would have forced Burmese writers to pay royalties to the original writers.
Short stories, often published in magazines, also enjoy tremendous popularity. They often deal with everyday life and have political messages (such as subtle criticisms of the capitalist system), partly because unlike novels, short stories are not censored by the Press Scrutiny Board. Poetry is also a popular genre today, as it was during the monarchical times, but unlike novels and other works, which use literary Burmese, poetry uses vernacular rather than literary Burmese. This reform movement is led by left-leaning writers who believe laymen's language (the vernacular and colloquial form of Burmese) ought to be used instead of formal Burmese in literature.
One of the greatest female writers of the Post-colonial period is journalist Kyaw Ma Ma Lay. Khin Myo Chit was another important writer, who wrote, among her works, The 13-Carat Diamond (1955), which was translated into many languages. The journalist Ludu U Hla was the author of numerous volumes of ethnic minority folklore, novels about inmates in U Nu-era jails, and biographies of people working in different occupations. The Prime Minister U Nu himself wrote several politically oriented plays and novels.
Other prolific writers of the post-colonial era include Thein Pe Myint (and his The Ocean Traveller and the Pearl Queen, considered a Burmese classic), Mya Than Tint (known for his translations of Western classics like War and Peace), Thawda Swe and Myat Htun. Distinguished women writers, who have also been an ever-present force in Burmese literary history, include Kyi Aye, Khin Hnin Yu, and San San Nweh. Burmese Historians: Ba Shin, Than Tun, Thant Myint-U, Htin Aung, Sao Saimong, Myoma Myint Kywe,and San C. Po were famous in Burma.
[แก้ไข] เอกสารประกอบการบทความหลัก: วรรณกรรมของพม่าอิทธิพลพม่าวรรณกรรมพุทธ ยวดนิทานชาดกมาก เนื่องจากพระพุทธศาสนาดั้งเดิมห้ามนิยาย [ต้องการอ้างอิง], ผลงานในอดีตเป็น nonfiction อย่างไรก็ตาม อาณานิคมอังกฤษแนะนำนิยาย หลายประเภทซึ่งได้กลายเป็นนิยมมากวันนี้ ลักษณะการทำงานบทกวีจึง และมีได้หลายรูปแบบของบทกวีวรรณคดีพม่าเฉพาะ โดย 1976 ชื่อเฉพาะ 411 เผยปี เทียบกับ 1882 เมื่อมีประกาศชื่อ 445 ปัจจัยต่าง ๆ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง lengthened ราชการการขอรับใบอนุญาตพิมพ์ เซ็นเซอร์ และเพิ่มความยากลำบากทางเศรษฐกิจของผู้บริโภคเนื่องจากแผนเศรษฐกิจสังคมนิยม ส่วนการลดลงของผลผลิตวรรณกรรมพม่านวนิยายยอดนิยมมีรูปแบบคล้ายกับนวนิยายตะวันตก มักจะเกี่ยวข้องกับการผจญภัย จารกรรม งานนักสืบ และโรแมนติก นักเขียนหลายคนยังแปลนวนิยายตะวันตก โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งบรรดา Arthur Hailey และฮาโรลด์ร็อบบินส์ ภาคแปลเฟื่องฟูเป็นผลของรัฐบาลพม่า ซึ่งได้เข้าสู่ระบบสากลลิขสิทธิ์อนุสัญญาข้อตกลง ซึ่งจะมีบังคับเขียนพม่าจะชำระค่าภาคหลวงเพื่อเขียนต้นฉบับShort stories, often published in magazines, also enjoy tremendous popularity. They often deal with everyday life and have political messages (such as subtle criticisms of the capitalist system), partly because unlike novels, short stories are not censored by the Press Scrutiny Board. Poetry is also a popular genre today, as it was during the monarchical times, but unlike novels and other works, which use literary Burmese, poetry uses vernacular rather than literary Burmese. This reform movement is led by left-leaning writers who believe laymen's language (the vernacular and colloquial form of Burmese) ought to be used instead of formal Burmese in literature.One of the greatest female writers of the Post-colonial period is journalist Kyaw Ma Ma Lay. Khin Myo Chit was another important writer, who wrote, among her works, The 13-Carat Diamond (1955), which was translated into many languages. The journalist Ludu U Hla was the author of numerous volumes of ethnic minority folklore, novels about inmates in U Nu-era jails, and biographies of people working in different occupations. The Prime Minister U Nu himself wrote several politically oriented plays and novels.Other prolific writers of the post-colonial era include Thein Pe Myint (and his The Ocean Traveller and the Pearl Queen, considered a Burmese classic), Mya Than Tint (known for his translations of Western classics like War and Peace), Thawda Swe and Myat Htun. Distinguished women writers, who have also been an ever-present force in Burmese literary history, include Kyi Aye, Khin Hnin Yu, and San San Nweh. Burmese Historians: Ba Shin, Than Tun, Thant Myint-U, Htin Aung, Sao Saimong, Myoma Myint Kywe,and San C. Po were famous in Burma.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
