It is also important to note that, in the literature reviewed above, the word cards or lists were mostly provided by
the teacher for use by individuals in out-of-class or self-study contexts. Little research has been conducted on
learner-generated word cards or lists, and on their possible applications in collaborative learning activities in
classroom settings. Since intentional learning techniques are claimed to enhance direct teaching of vocabulary
(Nation, 2011), and also encourage learner autonomy (Laufer, Meara, & Nation, 2005), it is worthwhile to explore
optimal ways in which such techniques can be integrated into vocabulary instruction and placed in the curriculum
context. To address these limitations in the literature and respond to the current trends of technology enhanced
language learning, this article thus focuses the discussion on the use of digital flashcards as an intentional
vocabulary learning technique.