The GSCM practices performance model is theorized and the
constructs included in the model are defined and described
with a focus on manufacturing organizations. Considering this
manufacturing focus, data were collected from a sample of
plant-level managers working for US manufacturing
organizations. It should be noted that the GSCM practices
and environmental performance scales were originally
assessed for validity using a sample of Chinese
manufacturers (Zhu et al., 2008a). Zhu et al. (2008a)
recommend that validation of measurement scales be fully
established through a series of studies testing the scales across
industries and countries