The driver block delivers the desired drive torque and the desired brake torque through the activation of the accelerator and brake pedal, respectively. If the driver wishes to accelerate
the vehicle, he depresses the accelerator. Depending on the amount of depression of the accelerator pedal, a corresponding driver torque request is sent to the vehicle through various
powertrain systems such as the battery and motor models. The regeneration starts only when the brake pedal is pressed. Once the brake pedal is depressed, in accordance with the position
of the brake pedal, a corresponding proportion of brake torque is applied. Then, the brake torque due to the regenerative brake control strategy is divided into regenerative braking and friction braking [6]. The amount of mechanical energy consumed by a vehicle when driving a prespecified driving pattern mainly depends on three factors: the aerodynamic friction losses, the rolling friction losses, and the energy dissipated in the brakes.
The elementary equation that describes the longitudinal dynamics of a road vehicle has the following form: