But the larger point is not simply the claim that culture are no longer (were they ever?) fixed in place. Rather, the point, well acknowledged but worth restating is that all associations of place, people, and culture are social and historical creations to be explained, not given natural facts. This is as true for the classical style of “people and culture” ethnography as it is for the perhaps more culturally chaotic present. And the implication, animating an enormous amount of more recent work in anthropology and elsewhere, is that whatever associations of place and culture may exist must be taken as problems for anthropological research rather than the given ground that one takes as a point of departure; cultural territorializations (like ethnic and national ones) must be understood as complex and contingent results of ongoing historical and political processes. It is the processes, rather than pre-given cultural-territorial entities, that require anthropological study.