The TiO2 film was then sensitized using 0.5 mM of purified Ru-dye (N719, Solaronix, Aubonne, Switzerland) at room temperature. The dye-coated working electrode and CE were assembled into a sandwich type DSSC and sealed with surlyn (25 µm, Solaronix 1170-25). A drop of standard redox liquid electrolyte was put into the cell through the hole in the CE, followed by sealing of the hole using the 25 µm-thick surlyn and a cover glass.