Direct attention to representation within contemporary democratic theory has come from three other sources as well. The most broadly recognized of these, Pitkin’s now classic The Concept of Representation (1967), came from within the standard account itself. Pitkin provided a comprehensive theory of representation, primarily within electoral contexts, just when participatory democracy had captured the imaginations of progressive democrats. Indeed, Pitkin herself turned to the participatory paradigm shortly after publication, returning to the topic only to note that the alliance between democracy and representation is “uneasy” owing to their distinct genealogies (Pitkin 1967, p. 2; Pitkin 2004;Williams 2000). If democracy is based on the presence of citizens, representation is at best a surrogate form of participation for citizens who are physically absent.