and then technological advance after the industrial Revolutioe brought about newfound confidence in unlimited material growth and along with unlimited material growth,progress could presumably be made in all aspects for humanity as a whole :social and cultural as well as moral.all these were to be achieved exclusively through modern science,technology ,and of course industry.(rapp 1982:361;furtado 1977:628-629)
under the impact of tacnological revolution ,mercantilism of the middle ages,an older form of capitalism.was thus transformed into modern industrial capitalism.the middle class spirit of enterprise then come so timely
to be submerged in darwinism with its celebrated evolutionary theory of "survival of the fittest".this is how the so-called free market and economic competition has been translated into practice,and,significantly ,into contemporary economics textbooks.unbridled individualism and capitalism and ,along with in,cut-throat competition and rivalry ,thereby becomes the order of the day.that was also how industry historically came,and still does,to present itself as the exclusive engine of growth and development.under this economic logic and development framework,everything else is to be subordinated to it
.the obvious victim is agriculture and,along with it,rural communities which include both people and nature .all this explains why the industrial revolution and subsequent process of industrialization that begun in the west was inevitably wrought with the ruthless disintegration of rural communities and people.(polanyi 1957:33-42;cohen 1982:62)