Fig. 1. Effects of pathogen inoculation time before P. membranaefaciens and HWT on disease incidence and lesion diameter of citrus fruit caused by P. italicum (A and B) and
P. digitatum (C and D). Treatments consisted of (control) fruits that did not receive any HWT or yeast treatment; (H) HWT at 53 C for 2 min; (P) P. membranaefaciens
(1 108 cells mL1); (H þ P) combination of HWT at 53 C for 2 min with P. membranaefaciens (1 108 cells mL1). Each column represents the means of the three replicates. Bars
indicate the standard errors. Values followed by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.