Mechanical properties
The Young’s modulus and hardness values were determined by
the Oliver and Pharr method [36] from the load–displacement
curves. As the hardness can be affected by the indentation depth
and applied load [37], the strain gradient independent hardness
was calculated using the method described by Fornell et al. [38].
The modulus was found to be depth independent within the errors
shown (Fig. 4).
Analysis of the nanoindentation results showed that these
Ca-BMG have an elastic modulus in the range of 35–46 GPa, and