Nearshoring denotes the (re)location of operations to a country close to the European market where benefits from low operational costs can still be exploited. Typical nearshoring countries for EU companies are Eastern European Countries (Belarus, Ukraine), Turkey and North African countries.
Therefore, on-/off-/nearshoring describe the spatial relation between the location of operations and the market due to the difference between transport and operational costs.
Global sales channel
Global sales channel means that enterprises geographically expand into regions all over the world to broaden their distribution channel and increase the demand basis. Companies in various sectors are continuing to pursue global growth strategies that focus on the expansion of distribution into new regions, where the BRIC countries currently represent the major targets for their expansion. But alongside this there may also emerge new problems that enterprises have little experience in dealing with; some of these are driven by economic realities, currency movements, government regulations, or access to existing logistics networks.
Centralisation/decentralisation
Centralisation means to consolidate operations in a single location/reduce the number of locations (logistic nodes as warehouses, distribution centre, transhipment point, etc.) in order to exploit economies of scale and risk pooling effects.
Decentralisation is the counterpart to centralisation and means to operate a distributed network with several (regional) locations.
Centralisation can be applied to production as well as to storage sites. In the logistics sector, hub‐and‐spoke systems are a common implementation of a centralised network structure. The possibility to increase/intensify direct deliveries (B2C) is a crucial effect of centralising distribution systems, implying the change from several warehouses to one or a few warehouses. As a further consequence of this strategy, the total amount of transport work in terms of transport performance (tkm) will increase, as freight needs to be transported on longer distances compared to a more decentralised system. Nevertheless, this strategy also positively influences the logistic strategy/trend consolidation, multimodality and “emergency deliveries” (decreasing due to higher availability in centralised warehouses).
Flexible supply base
To rely on a flexible supply base means that a company widens the number of its supply sources. This strategy is employed to mitigate risks. Furthermore, in using multiple sources, a company can exploit the cost-efficiency of one supplier and the flexibility of another at the same time.
E-commerce/E-procurement (E-business)
E-commerce, as a part of E-business (with E-procurement), is the ability to perform major commerce transactions electronically. Especially in the business-to-consumer field, E-commerce refers to retail activities over the internet. Many companies in the 1990s recognised that the internet helps to increase supply chain performance. In fact, impacts on supply chain responsiveness and efficiency can be witnessed, whereby supply chain responsiveness means the ability to gain and protect revenues and efficiency primarily refers to supply chain costs. It is crucial to know that the value of E-commerce can be different according to the industry a company belongs to. The success of E-commerce mainly depends on how companies can exploit the new opportunities offered in order to increase responsiveness and reduce costs. E-commerce products or modules are usually kept centrally and are assembled and delivered directly to the customer only on order.
E-procurement means the procurement of goods and services mostly over the internet. The use of the internet includes all aspects of procurement, including identifying suppliers, selecting products or services, making purchase commitments, completing financial transactions, obtaining service and using exchanges. The term E-procurement does not refer to email-only adoption. There are several technologies enabling E-procurement; the most common known and most widely used are E-markets, E-catalogues and auctions.
Nearshoring (อีกครั้ง) ที่แสดงถึงตำแหน่งที่ตั้งของประเทศใกล้กับตลาดยุโรปที่ประโยชน์จากต้นทุนในการดำเนินงานต่ำสุดที่ยังดำเนินงานนำไป Nearshoring ทั่วประเทศสำหรับบริษัทใน EU เป็น ประเทศยุโรปตะวันออก (เบลารุส ยูเครน), ตุรกี และประเทศแอฟริกาเหนือดังนั้น -เปิด / ปิด- / nearshoring อธิบายถึงความสัมพันธ์ทางพื้นที่ระหว่างที่ตั้งของการดำเนินงานและการตลาดเนื่องจากความแตกต่างระหว่างการขนส่งและต้นทุนในการดำเนินงานช่องทางการขายทั่วโลกช่องทางการขายส่วนกลางหมายความ ว่า องค์กรกันทางภูมิศาสตร์ขยายเข้าไปในภูมิภาคทั่วโลกเพื่อขยายช่องทางการกระจาย และเพิ่มความต้องการพื้นฐาน บริษัทในภาคต่าง ๆ ได้ทำการติดตามกลยุทธ์เจริญเติบโตทั่วโลกที่มุ่งเน้นการขยายตัวของการกระจายในภูมิภาคใหม่ ที่ประเทศ BRIC ปัจจุบันแสดงถึงเป้าหมายหลักสำหรับการขยายตัวของ แต่ข้างนี้ มีอาจยังเกิดปัญหาใหม่ที่องค์กรมีประสบการณ์น้อยในการจัดการกับ เหล่านี้ขับเคลื่อน โดยความเป็นจริงทางเศรษฐกิจ รัฐบาล ความเคลื่อนไหวของสกุลเงินกฎระเบียบ หรือเข้าถึงโลจิสติกส์ที่มีอยู่ในเครือข่ายCentralisation/decentralisationCentralisation หมาย ถึงรวมในเดียวตั้ง/ลดจำนวนสถาน (logistic โหนเป็นคลังสินค้า ศูนย์กระจายสินค้า จุด transhipment ฯลฯ) เพื่อใช้ประโยชน์เศรษฐกิจของขนาดและความเสี่ยงที่ผลกระทบร่วมกันDecentralisation เป็นคล้ายกันมากกับ centralisation และหมายถึง การใช้งานเครือข่ายที่กระจาย มีหลายสถาน (ภูมิภาค)Centralisation can be applied to production as well as to storage sites. In the logistics sector, hub‐and‐spoke systems are a common implementation of a centralised network structure. The possibility to increase/intensify direct deliveries (B2C) is a crucial effect of centralising distribution systems, implying the change from several warehouses to one or a few warehouses. As a further consequence of this strategy, the total amount of transport work in terms of transport performance (tkm) will increase, as freight needs to be transported on longer distances compared to a more decentralised system. Nevertheless, this strategy also positively influences the logistic strategy/trend consolidation, multimodality and “emergency deliveries” (decreasing due to higher availability in centralised warehouses).Flexible supply baseTo rely on a flexible supply base means that a company widens the number of its supply sources. This strategy is employed to mitigate risks. Furthermore, in using multiple sources, a company can exploit the cost-efficiency of one supplier and the flexibility of another at the same time.E-commerce/E-procurement (E-business)E-commerce, as a part of E-business (with E-procurement), is the ability to perform major commerce transactions electronically. Especially in the business-to-consumer field, E-commerce refers to retail activities over the internet. Many companies in the 1990s recognised that the internet helps to increase supply chain performance. In fact, impacts on supply chain responsiveness and efficiency can be witnessed, whereby supply chain responsiveness means the ability to gain and protect revenues and efficiency primarily refers to supply chain costs. It is crucial to know that the value of E-commerce can be different according to the industry a company belongs to. The success of E-commerce mainly depends on how companies can exploit the new opportunities offered in order to increase responsiveness and reduce costs. E-commerce products or modules are usually kept centrally and are assembled and delivered directly to the customer only on order.E-procurement means the procurement of goods and services mostly over the internet. The use of the internet includes all aspects of procurement, including identifying suppliers, selecting products or services, making purchase commitments, completing financial transactions, obtaining service and using exchanges. The term E-procurement does not refer to email-only adoption. There are several technologies enabling E-procurement; the most common known and most widely used are E-markets, E-catalogues and auctions.
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