Madurai is located at 9.93°N 78.12°E.[40] It has an average elevation of 101 metres. The city of Madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river Vaigai, which runs in the northwest-southeast direction through the city, dividing it into two almost equal halves.[41] The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai.[42] The land in and around Madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity, which is fostered by the Periyar Dam.[42] Madurai lies southeast of the western ghats, and the surrounding region occupies the plains of South India and contains several mountain spurs.[43] The soil type in central Madurai is predominantly clay loam, while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city.[44] Paddy is the major crop, followed by pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and sugarcane.[44]
The municipal corporation of Madurai has an area of 147.977 km2.[45][41] Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year.[46] Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring Dindigul.[46] The hottest months are from March to July.[46] The city experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and a cool and climate from November to February.[46] Fog and dew are rare, occurring only during the winter season.[46] Being equidistant from mountains and the sea, it experiences similar monsoon pattern with Northeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon, with the former providing more rain during October to December.[46] The average annual rainfall for the Madurai district is about 85.76 cm.[47]
Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 40 °C and a minimum of 26.3 °C, although temperatures up to 42 °C are not uncommon.[48] Winter temperatures range between 29.6 °C and 18 °C. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity.[48] The maximum temperature of 42 °C for the decade of 2001 – 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010.[48]
Madurai is located at 9.93°N 78.12°E.[40] It has an average elevation of 101 metres. The city of Madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river Vaigai, which runs in the northwest-southeast direction through the city, dividing it into two almost equal halves.[41] The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai.[42] The land in and around Madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity, which is fostered by the Periyar Dam.[42] Madurai lies southeast of the western ghats, and the surrounding region occupies the plains of South India and contains several mountain spurs.[43] The soil type in central Madurai is predominantly clay loam, while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city.[44] Paddy is the major crop, followed by pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and sugarcane.[44]
The municipal corporation of Madurai has an area of 147.977 km2.[45][41] Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year.[46] Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring Dindigul.[46] The hottest months are from March to July.[46] The city experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and a cool and climate from November to February.[46] Fog and dew are rare, occurring only during the winter season.[46] Being equidistant from mountains and the sea, it experiences similar monsoon pattern with Northeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon, with the former providing more rain during October to December.[46] The average annual rainfall for the Madurai district is about 85.76 cm.[47]
Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 40 °C and a minimum of 26.3 °C, although temperatures up to 42 °C are not uncommon.[48] Winter temperatures range between 29.6 °C and 18 °C. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity.[48] The maximum temperature of 42 °C for the decade of 2001 – 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010.[48]
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