After more than twenty years of academic and industrialresearch, nanometer-sized carriers, although still in early stages,are becoming a reality in the biomedical field, especially in vacci-nology, drug delivery, and diagnostic. Different nanoparticle-basedtherapeutic and diagnostic agents are under preclinical and clini-cal evaluation and some of them are already on the market [1].The most exploited and investigated nanoparticles (NPs) are thosebased on organic (e.g., lipids, polymers) and inorganic (e.g., metal,metal oxide) materials [2,3]. Nonetheless, due to the extremelycomplex features that an ideal nano-delivery system needs toachieve clinical application, none of these carriers is immune fromdrawbacks (e.g., difficult large-scale manufacturing, poor long-termstability, in vivo toxicity) [4,5].
After more than twenty years of academic and industrialresearch, nanometer-sized carriers, although still in early stages,are becoming a reality in the biomedical field, especially in vacci-nology, drug delivery, and diagnostic. Different nanoparticle-basedtherapeutic and diagnostic agents are under preclinical and clini-cal evaluation and some of them are already on the market [1].The most exploited and investigated nanoparticles (NPs) are thosebased on organic (e.g., lipids, polymers) and inorganic (e.g., metal,metal oxide) materials [2,3]. Nonetheless, due to the extremelycomplex features that an ideal nano-delivery system needs toachieve clinical application, none of these carriers is immune fromdrawbacks (e.g., difficult large-scale manufacturing, poor long-termstability, in vivo toxicity) [4,5].
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