The level of depressive symptoms was estimated with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (8). The BDI score ranges from 0 to 63. According to established guidelines, we considered scores below 10 to indicate no depressive symptoms or minimal depressive symptoms; 10 to 18, mild symptoms; 19 to 29, moderate symptomssymptoms; and 30 to 63, severe symptoms. For bivariate analyses, we dichotomized the BDI scores to normal mood (scores of 0 to 9) and mild to severe
depressive symptoms (scores of 10 to 63). Cronbach’s alpha for the BDI was .87, indicating good reliability.