As with all AHP monographs, the
Illicium document provides detailed photographic images of the true and adulterating species along with clear
images of the colorimetric assay and HPTLC chromatograms. Perhaps most importantly, the AHP Illicium
monograph provides commentary as to the strengths and limitations of the various testing methodologies.
According to AHP Executive Director Roy Upton: "The adulteration between these two species has
occurred since at least the late 1800s and has persisted throughout the past decades. The problem is
compounded by the fact that numerous plants used in Mexico are known as anise in Spanish, including fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare) and anise seed (Pimpinella anisum), both of which are used for colic in babies. Thus, it is
extremely important for these species of star anise to be clearly distinguished."
The inclusion of Illicium on AHPA's adulterants list is tantamount to a trade recommendation encouraging
industry and AHPA members to ensure they have adequate testing methods for distinguishing between true and
adulterating species. Other common adulterants on AHPA's list for which AHP has detailed monographs
include aristolochic acid (commissioned by FDA and in collaboration with the SFDA of China, TGA of
Australia, University of Mississippi, and Kew Gardens), bilberry, and black cohosh