Non-hierarchical modeling methods such as the Sanno-dai Shiki flowchart, the JMA flowchart, and the NOMA flowchart are major business process
modeling methods because they enable people to trace flows from the starting point to the end point with a
finger, and it is easy to share information when discussing it face to face, and they are thus suitable for a
bottom-up-style organization. By this feature, Japanese companies can realize effective bottom-up-based
business process improvement.