The Copom members exchange views with the staff and choose relevant possible shocks.
These shocks are then stylized and introduced into the structural models. It is important to note
that given the simplified nature of the macro models, the staff is required to carefully identify the
form, the intensity, as well as the timing of the interventions.
The introduction of shocks in the simulation process involves a previous work on how
much the economic agents have already anticipated them. This is particularly true for nominal
variables. The Copom members have to carefully assess the set of shocks proposed in the
simulation exercises.
Once the Copom defines the relevant shocks and the staff prepares them for introduction
in the macro models, some additional definitions are required for simulation purposes. For
instance, it is necessary to make the following choices: (i) the interest rate rule (a fixed nominal
rate or a Taylor-type rule or a rule based on the deviations of expected inflation from target or a
predetermined trajectory for nominal or real rates); and (ii) a mechanism for the formation of
inflation expectations.
Given these definitions, the following results can be obtained: (i) inflation forecasts
(central path and confidence intervals around the median) with definitions of a measure of
dispersion (variance) and of risks (asymmetries); (ii) forecasts for output; (iii) the trajectory for
interest rates (both nominal and real) resulting from the various reaction functions; and
(iv) dynamic simulations of exogenous shocks.
Simulations permit the visualization of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy
implicit in these simplified models, with the interest rate affecting the nominal exchange rate
contemporaneously and the output gap with a lag; the nominal exchange rate affecting the
imported inflation and, thus the inflation rate contemporaneously; and the output gap affecting
the inflation rate with a lag.
The simulation of the structural models is based on the selection of a core scenario that
involves the most likely hypothesis and a set of alternative scenarios representing the perceived
risks of departure from the basic hypothesis. A careful assessment of the various hypotheses is a
necessary condition for balanced decisions on the instrument of monetary policy.
Naturally, the results from the simulation exercises are combined with other elements in
making policy decisions. In particular, forecasts cannot be limited to those produced by models.
Alternative sources such as market surveys and forecasts, and information on inflation
expectations embodied in financial instruments need also be considered in the decision process.
The Copom members exchange views with the staff and choose relevant possible shocks.
These shocks are then stylized and introduced into the structural models. It is important to note
that given the simplified nature of the macro models, the staff is required to carefully identify the
form, the intensity, as well as the timing of the interventions.
The introduction of shocks in the simulation process involves a previous work on how
much the economic agents have already anticipated them. This is particularly true for nominal
variables. The Copom members have to carefully assess the set of shocks proposed in the
simulation exercises.
Once the Copom defines the relevant shocks and the staff prepares them for introduction
in the macro models, some additional definitions are required for simulation purposes. For
instance, it is necessary to make the following choices: (i) the interest rate rule (a fixed nominal
rate or a Taylor-type rule or a rule based on the deviations of expected inflation from target or a
predetermined trajectory for nominal or real rates); and (ii) a mechanism for the formation of
inflation expectations.
Given these definitions, the following results can be obtained: (i) inflation forecasts
(central path and confidence intervals around the median) with definitions of a measure of
dispersion (variance) and of risks (asymmetries); (ii) forecasts for output; (iii) the trajectory for
interest rates (both nominal and real) resulting from the various reaction functions; and
(iv) dynamic simulations of exogenous shocks.
Simulations permit the visualization of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy
implicit in these simplified models, with the interest rate affecting the nominal exchange rate
contemporaneously and the output gap with a lag; the nominal exchange rate affecting the
imported inflation and, thus the inflation rate contemporaneously; and the output gap affecting
the inflation rate with a lag.
The simulation of the structural models is based on the selection of a core scenario that
involves the most likely hypothesis and a set of alternative scenarios representing the perceived
risks of departure from the basic hypothesis. A careful assessment of the various hypotheses is a
necessary condition for balanced decisions on the instrument of monetary policy.
Naturally, the results from the simulation exercises are combined with other elements in
making policy decisions. In particular, forecasts cannot be limited to those produced by models.
Alternative sources such as market surveys and forecasts, and information on inflation
expectations embodied in financial instruments need also be considered in the decision process.
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