Some probiotic mechanisms whereby induce several beneficial host responses. Most effect
consist on 1) Exclusion and competing with pathogen to epithelial cells adhesion, 2) innate
immune stimulation, 3) competition for nutrients and prebiotic products, 4) production of
antimicrobial substances and thereby pathogen antagonism, 5) protection of intestinal barrier
integrity and 6) regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine and inhibition of pro
inflammatory cytokine production.
IEC: intestinal epithelium cells, DC: IL: interleukin; M: intestinal M cell