Given the requirement of water, clay minerals are relatively rare in the Solar System, though occur extensively on Earth where water has interacted with other minerals and organic matter. Clay minerals have been detected at several locations on Mars[2] including Echus Chasma and Mawrth Vallis and the Memnonia quadrangle and the Elysium quadrangle. Spectrography has confirmed their presence on Ceres[3] and Europa.[