Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant differences between the NORM and the EXT and INT conditions for the KAM, with no significant difference between and EXT and INT conditions (Table 1). The EXT and INT conditions significantly decreased the average values for the KAM, by 6% (effect size= -0.19) and 9% (effect size= -0.27), respectively (Table 1). All participants had peak knee moments in the frontal plane that were external adduction moments (Figure 1) and a lateral to medially directed shear force. The LMF was significantly different between the NORM and both the EXT and INT, with no differences between the EXT and INT conditions. Both the EXT and INT conditions had reductions in LMF from the NORM values. Reductions were 7.7% (effect size = -0.31) and 8% (effect siz = -0.31), respectively (Table 1). EXT condition VGRF values were significantly lower than the NORM and INT conditions, reducing by over 3%.
There were no differences in sagittal plane knee kinematics (Table 1). However, the knee ROM in the frontal plane showed a significant increase during the EXT compared to the NORM and INT conditions (37% [effect size = 0.74] and 41% [effect size = 0.79], respectively). The INT condition showed no significant difference compared to the NORM condition. There was great variability in the dynamic frontal knee kinematics between participants. The position of the knee in the frontal plane was extremely variable between participants as some participants had kinematic values in the abduction direction, while others had kinematic values in the adduction direction (Figure 2).