Glycinebetaine has been reported to
synthesize from its precursor choline by a two-step oxidation, via the intermediate betaine aldehyde.
The first oxidation step is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO, EC 1.14.15.7), and the further
oxidation to GB is catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, EC 1.2.1.81), the enzymes
involved in GB biosynthesis [10,11].