strain-hardened alloys (brass, bronze, 304 and 316 stainless steel, or Monel), from heat-treated alloys (403, 4130, or 8630 stainless steel), and from precipitation-hardened alloys (beryllium copper, Inconel X, Ni-Span C, and K Monel). Some of the more desirable features of the Bourdon tube elements include their fast speed of response (usually 0.1 s full scale) and good sensitivity (0.01% of maximum pressure when unrestrained). Their limitations include a nonlinearity of about 0.5% full scale, which can be compensated mechanically or electronically; a 0.2 to 0.5% hysteresis on cycling pressures, which can be minimized by heat treatment; and a sensitivity to temperature variations, which can be reduced by the use of bimetallic compensators or by the use of element materials (Ni-Span C) having moduluses of elasticity that are insensitive to temperature variations.