HeLMS scores were similar between individuals with and without CLBP for seven of the eight health
literacy domains (p > 0.05). However, compared to individuals with no history of LBP, those with CLBP had a
significantly lower score in the domain ‘Patient attitudes towards their health’ (mean difference [95% CI]: 0.46 [0.11-
0.82]) and significantly lower scores for each of the individual items within this domain (p < 0.05). Moderate effect
sizes ranged from d = 0.47-0.65