Gallery Five is organized around three themes and spans the period between the late 19th century, when Japan's modernization began in earnest, and the 1920s. It turns its gaze to the "civilization and enlightenment" movement that captured the imagination of the general public and the Meiji government, and on the silk and iron industries that were the engines of economic growth, under slogans such as Shokusan Kogyo (Promoting Industry and Enterprise) and Fukoku Kyohei (Wealthy Nation, Strong Military). It also addresses the Japanese development of Hokkaido and its impact on the indigenous Ainu. The gallery also includes a video exhibit highlighting the terror of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, a treatment of consumer culture from the perspective of women, and a silent film in the mini-theatre.