being an ODM of mobile phones differed from being an ODM of PDAs in certain. Subcontractors of smartphones not only designed and built the phones besed on customer specifications but also tested them in alive operating environment. For instance, the data tranmission function of a phone (such as email, instant news, word processing etc.) had to be customzed before delivery. There were incentive misalignment between handset makes and network operators on grouds of technology gaps and order sizes.