Fourth, this study was based exclusively on self-reports, introducing
commonmethod bias as a potential confound for some of the associations.
However, the fact that we also tested personality–outcome associations
longitudinally may—in part—alleviate such concerns. Another limitation
concerning the use of self-reports is that some of the outcome measures
might be subject to response distortion. This is particularly noteworthy
in the light of this study because such response distortion might be systematically
related to some of the aberrant personality tendencies that are
considered here. Narcissistic individuals, for instance, have an inflated
sense of self-worth, and much of their behavior is aimed at boosting this
image. Clearly, this could include overrating extrinsic career outcomes
such as financial and/or hierarchical attainment. According to Podsakoff
and Organ (1986), response distortion is less likely to be an issue for information
that is factual, likely to be in the possession of the respondent, and
at least in principle verifiable. In this regard, it is interesting to compare
findings regarding income and number of subordinates, which are objectively
quantifiable, with findings for management level, which is more
qualitatively evaluated. Our findings indeed indicate that narcissism, measured
at T2, is more strongly related to self-reported management level
than to income or number of subordinates. It can be considered a richness
of this study that a broad range of career outcomes, varying in the degree
to which they are open to objectification, are considered.
Fourth, this study was based exclusively on self-reports, introducing
commonmethod bias as a potential confound for some of the associations.
However, the fact that we also tested personality–outcome associations
longitudinally may—in part—alleviate such concerns. Another limitation
concerning the use of self-reports is that some of the outcome measures
might be subject to response distortion. This is particularly noteworthy
in the light of this study because such response distortion might be systematically
related to some of the aberrant personality tendencies that are
considered here. Narcissistic individuals, for instance, have an inflated
sense of self-worth, and much of their behavior is aimed at boosting this
image. Clearly, this could include overrating extrinsic career outcomes
such as financial and/or hierarchical attainment. According to Podsakoff
and Organ (1986), response distortion is less likely to be an issue for information
that is factual, likely to be in the possession of the respondent, and
at least in principle verifiable. In this regard, it is interesting to compare
findings regarding income and number of subordinates, which are objectively
quantifiable, with findings for management level, which is more
qualitatively evaluated. Our findings indeed indicate that narcissism, measured
at T2, is more strongly related to self-reported management level
than to income or number of subordinates. It can be considered a richness
of this study that a broad range of career outcomes, varying in the degree
to which they are open to objectification, are considered.
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