n conclusion, our findings indicate that patients who present with CC often have an irritable larynx, which can be revealed by means of histamine inhalation challenge as a dose-dependent decrease in maximum inspiratory airflow rates. Such LHR is sustained by inflammation and damage of the upper airways but might also be an expression of idiopathic sensory neuropathy. The evaluation of LHR might help in the assessment of CC to identify the involvement of upper airway receptors. In patients with GERD-associated cough, LHR suggests the presence of laryngitis possibly related to laryngopharyngeal reflux. The diagnosis of irritable larynx might also help in improving cough treatment. In patients with asthma-associated cough, LHR points to coexistent rhinitis or rhinosinusitis, suggesting an important therapeutic target17 that is often disregarded by pneumologists. Our findings indicate also that an irritable larynx might sustain bronchoconstrictive reflexes in patients with rhinitis or rhinosinusitis and no asthmatic symptoms. In these patients BHR might reverse with the sole treatment of upper airway disease, with no need for ICSs, which would be preferred only when symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness persist.