Impacts on development and early life history are a particular
concern [20–25] because young animals may not be as resilient to
physiological stress as juveniles or adults [21,26]. Atlantic cod
(Gadus morhua) larvae reared under ocean acidification conditions
(1800 and 4200 matm) exhibited severe to lethal tissue damage in
multiple organs; effects were more pronounced with increasing
pCO2 [26]. In addition, early exposure of estuarine fish larvae
(Menidia beryllina) to elevated pCO2 (up to ,1000 matm) reduced
survival and larval length [21]. These effects raise concern as
recruitment cohorts lay the foundation for population success.
Squid play a major role in many marine ecosystems. They are
both predators and prey for a variety of taxa across multiple
trophic levels [27]. As a prey resource, squid support many global
finfish fisheries including various tuna, billfish and groundfish
species [28–30], and several squid species play an important role
in linking apex predators with the squids’ mesopelagic prey [31–
33]. For example, breeding success of the Grey-headed albatross
(Thalassarche chrysostoma) is significantly and positively correlated
with the abundance of the squid Martialia hyadesi in their diet [34].
Many squid species constitute or support productive fisheries,
and estimated global squid catches are near 3 million t yr21 [28].
In the United States, the market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) was
California’s largest fishery in 2009 and 2010 by weight and value
[35]. However, squid can be affected by changes in surrounding