The Neighborhood Context
Some neighborhoods also provide opportunities for learning and engaging in violence. The presence
of gangs and illegal markets, particularly drug distribution networks, not only provide high levels of
exposure to violence, but violent role models, and positive rewards for serious violent activity.
Single parent families, ineffective parenting, violent schools, high dropout rates, high adolescent
pregnancy rates, substance abuse and high unemployment rates are all concentrated in such
neighborhoods.
While these neighborhoods are areas with high rates of concentrated poverty, the critical feature of
such neighborhoods that is most directly related to the high rates of violence, crime and substance
use, is the absence of any effective social or cultural organization in these neighborhoods. High
levels of transiency make it difficult to establish common values and norms, informal support
networks and effective social controls. High chronic unemployment results in social isolation from
legitimate labor markets, and undermines the relevance of completing school. Illegitimate enterprises
and gangs emerge in these neighborhoods, in part because the neighborhood has no effective means
of resisting such activity, and in part as a means of providing some stable social organization for
youth and some economy for the neighborhood. Not all poor neighborhoods are disorganized
however; and those that are effectively organized have low rates of violent behavior, crime and
substance use. Poverty is linked to violence through disorganized neighborhoods.
The effect of living in such neighborhoods can be devastating on the family’s attempt to provide a
healthy, conventional upbringing for their children. Not only are there few social reinforcements for
conventional lifestyles to support this type of parenting, but conventional opportunities are limited by
racism, discrimination, social isolation from the labor market and few resources. There are often
greater opportunities for participation in gangs and the illicit economy which offer relatively quick
and substantial rewards that seem to offset the risks associated with violence. One effect of
participation in these types of activities is that youth are at high risk for becoming victims as well as
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perpetrators of violence; a second is that such youth frequently abandon the pursuit of more
conventional goals, drop out of school, get pregnant, and become enmeshed in health compromising
and dysfunctional lifestyles which arrest the normal course of adolescent development. Such youth
are ill-prepared to enter conventional adult roles.
The Neighborhood ContextSome neighborhoods also provide opportunities for learning and engaging in violence. The presenceof gangs and illegal markets, particularly drug distribution networks, not only provide high levels ofexposure to violence, but violent role models, and positive rewards for serious violent activity.Single parent families, ineffective parenting, violent schools, high dropout rates, high adolescentpregnancy rates, substance abuse and high unemployment rates are all concentrated in suchneighborhoods.While these neighborhoods are areas with high rates of concentrated poverty, the critical feature ofsuch neighborhoods that is most directly related to the high rates of violence, crime and substanceuse, is the absence of any effective social or cultural organization in these neighborhoods. Highlevels of transiency make it difficult to establish common values and norms, informal supportnetworks and effective social controls. High chronic unemployment results in social isolation fromlegitimate labor markets, and undermines the relevance of completing school. Illegitimate enterprisesand gangs emerge in these neighborhoods, in part because the neighborhood has no effective meansof resisting such activity, and in part as a means of providing some stable social organization foryouth and some economy for the neighborhood. Not all poor neighborhoods are disorganizedhowever; and those that are effectively organized have low rates of violent behavior, crime andสามารถใช้สาร เชื่อมโยงความยากจนความรุนแรงผ่านละแวกใกล้เคียงโล้เป็นพายผลของการอาศัยอยู่ในละแวกใกล้เคียงดังกล่าวสามารถทำลายล้างในความพยายามของครอบครัวให้เป็นสุขภาพ ธรรมดา upbringing สำหรับเด็ก ไม่เพียงแต่ จะมีเพิ่มกำลังสังคมน้อยสำหรับวิถีชีวิตปกติการสนับสนุนชนิดนี้ไป แต่โอกาสปกติจะถูกจำกัดโดยเหยียด แบ่งแยก แยกสังคมจากตลาดแรงงานและทรัพยากรน้อย มักจะมีโอกาสมากขึ้นสำหรับการเข้าร่วมในแก๊งและเศรษฐกิจผิดกฎหมายซึ่งมีค่อนข้างด่วนและรางวัลพบที่ดูเหมือนจะตรงข้ามความเสี่ยงที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความรุนแรง ผลหนึ่งของมีส่วนร่วมในกิจกรรมประเภทนี้คือเยาวชนที่มีความเสี่ยงสูงสำหรับการเป็น เหยื่อเป็น 5ความผิดความรุนแรง แบบที่สองคือ ให้เยาวชนดังกล่าวบ่อยครั้งละทิ้งการแสวงหาของเป้าหมายทั่วไป ออกจากโรงเรียน ตั้งครรภ์ และกลายเป็น enmeshed ในห้องสุขภาพและวิถีชีวิตนบาที่จับหลักสูตรปกติของวัยรุ่น เยาวชนดังกล่าวกำลังป่วยเตรียมที่จะป้อนบทบาทผู้ใหญ่ทั่วไป
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