building a global hub-and-spoke system to capitalize on these flows, however, was easier said than done. Emirates needed both a strong hub airport and access to new destinations. For each of these needs it had an enthusiastic partner in Dubai's government. The government maintained a strictly arms-length financial relationship with the airline through its holding company, the Investment Corporation of Dubai (ICD). ICD's role as sole shareholder in the Emirates Group helped foster cooperation between the city, the airport, and the airline. While other major airports such as Heathrow and JFK suffered from space constraints, NIMBYism, and continued congestion, close coordination between government authorities and Emirates allowed the pair to invest in new terminals to proactively accommodate Emirates' rapid growth, including the $4.5-billion Emirates-dedicated Terminal 3. On an operation basic, the working relationship manifested itself more routinely through close strategic collaboration and dialogue on capital expenditure plans, growth issues, and Dubai marketing campaigns